Core
- the inner core of the Earth is about 5,430 °C; 9,800 °F
- the inner core is mainly made up of nickel-iron alloy
- the temperatures in the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core
- the outer core is made up of iron and nickel
- the core is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the Earth's surface
Mantle
- the mantle is about 2,890 km (1,800 mi) thick
- the mantle takes up about 84% of Earth's volume
- in the mantle temperatures range between 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F)
- the mantle is mostly made up of solid silicate rock
- the mantle begins about 6 miles (10 km) below the oceanic crust and about 19 miles (30 km) below the continental crust
Crust
- the crust is made up of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
- the crust makes up less than 1% of Earth's volume
- the crust's temperatures range from about 200°C (392°F) to 400°C (752°F) near the mantle
- the continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick
- the crust has two parts the the oceanic and the continental crust
geologists- scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth
rock- a material that forms Earth's hard surface
geology- the study of planet Earth
constructive forces- shpae the surface by building up mountains and landmasses
destructive forces- slowly wear away mountains and, eventually, every other feature on the surface
continents- 7 great landmasses surrounded by oceans
seismic waves- a vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake
pressure- a force pushing on a surface or area
crust- a layer of rock that forms Earth's outer skin
basalt- a dark dense rock with a fine texture
granite- a rock that has larger crystals than basalt and is not as dense
mantle- a layer of hot rock
lithosphere- uppermost part of mantle and crust together form a rigid layer
asthenosphere- a soft layer of the mantle
outer core- a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core
inner core- a dense ball of soild metal
heat transfer- the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object
radiation- transfer of energy through empty space
conduction- heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter
convection- heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid
density- a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance
convection current- the flow that transfer heat within a fluid
-the heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid's density, and the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion
-Wegner's hypothesis was that all the continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart
contenental drift- continents slowly moving over Earth's surface
fossil- any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock
-unfortunately, Wegner could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents
- the inner core of the Earth is about 5,430 °C; 9,800 °F
- the inner core is mainly made up of nickel-iron alloy
- the temperatures in the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core
- the outer core is made up of iron and nickel
- the core is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the Earth's surface
Mantle
- the mantle is about 2,890 km (1,800 mi) thick
- the mantle takes up about 84% of Earth's volume
- in the mantle temperatures range between 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F)
- the mantle is mostly made up of solid silicate rock
- the mantle begins about 6 miles (10 km) below the oceanic crust and about 19 miles (30 km) below the continental crust
Crust
- the crust is made up of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
- the crust makes up less than 1% of Earth's volume
- the crust's temperatures range from about 200°C (392°F) to 400°C (752°F) near the mantle
- the continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick
- the crust has two parts the the oceanic and the continental crust
geologists- scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth
rock- a material that forms Earth's hard surface
geology- the study of planet Earth
constructive forces- shpae the surface by building up mountains and landmasses
destructive forces- slowly wear away mountains and, eventually, every other feature on the surface
continents- 7 great landmasses surrounded by oceans
seismic waves- a vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake
pressure- a force pushing on a surface or area
crust- a layer of rock that forms Earth's outer skin
basalt- a dark dense rock with a fine texture
granite- a rock that has larger crystals than basalt and is not as dense
mantle- a layer of hot rock
lithosphere- uppermost part of mantle and crust together form a rigid layer
asthenosphere- a soft layer of the mantle
outer core- a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core
inner core- a dense ball of soild metal
heat transfer- the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object
radiation- transfer of energy through empty space
conduction- heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter
convection- heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid
density- a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance
convection current- the flow that transfer heat within a fluid
-the heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid's density, and the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion
-Wegner's hypothesis was that all the continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart
contenental drift- continents slowly moving over Earth's surface
fossil- any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock
-unfortunately, Wegner could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents